Abstract The spread of the COVID-19 virus brought diverse consequences of a social, political, economic and cultural nature. Faced with the emergency, the governments of different countries, including Chile, were forced to close schools and transport educational processes to virtual learning environments. This article summarizes the qualitative research based on semi-structured interviews with six teachers, with the objective of knowing, analyzing and understanding teaching and evaluation practices, inquiring into the factors that directly or indirectly affect them. The results showed that personal characteristics, knowledge, conceptions and perceptions about different educational dimensions directly influence the practices and platforms used in distance learning. In parallel, the context of the students and the policies of each school, appear as factors that intervene in pedagogical practices in virtual environments.

Resumen La expansión del virus COVID-19 trajo diversas consecuencias de carácter social, político, económico y cultural. Ante la emergencia, los gobiernos de diferentes países, incluido Chile, se vieron obligados a cerrar las escuelas y transportar los procesos educativos a entornos virtuales de aprendizaje. Este artículo resume la investigación cualitativa, realizada en base a entrevistas semiestructuradas de seis docentes, cuyo objetivo fue conocer, analizar y Comprender Sus Prácticas De Enseñanza Y Evaluación, Profundizando En Los Factores Que inciden directa o indirectamente en ellas. Los resultados mostraron que las características personales, conocimientos, concepciones y percepciones sobre diferentes dimensiones educativas, influyen directamente en las prácticas y plataformas utilizadas en la educación a distancia. En paralelo, el contexto de los estudiantes y las políticas de cada escuela aparecen como factores que intervienen en las prácticas pedagógicas en entornos virtuales.

Abstract In the last 25 years, the traditional theoretical, academic, and disciplinary education has led to theoretical-practical and pedagogical perspectives and orientations that have been strongly incorporated into the curriculum of initial teachers training, positioning the practical training as one of the key components. On the other hand, within the framework of the System of Quality Assurance and the accreditation processes, the graduation profiles and the learning objectives proposed in it, have become the center of attention, stressing the coherence of the study plans and formative experiences regarding the expected achievements. This study investigates how training at the final internship dialogues with the assurance and certification of the learning related to the graduate profiles of teacher education programs. To achieve this objective, an exploratory-descriptive and comprehensive research approach was used, with a multiple case studies design that delves into twelve teaching programs in two universities in central Chile. The results report: limited presence of practical activities in teacher training curriculum which is less than 10%; a peripheral, ambiguous and overloaded role of final internship tutors; meetings between interns and tutors mainly address idiosyncratic topics; the guideline that the tutor gives the intern means a constant presence at school.

Resumen En los últimos 25 años, la tradicional formación teórica, académica y disciplinar ha ido dando paso a perspectivas y orientaciones teórico-prácticas y pedagógico-didácticas que se han incorporado con fuerza en el currículo de formación inicial docente, posicionando la formación práctica como uno de los componentes claves. Además, en el marco del Sistema de Aseguramiento de la Calidad y los procesos de acreditación, los perfiles de egreso y los aprendizajes propuestos en ellos se han vuelto el foco de atención, tensionando la coherencia de los planes de estudio y las experiencias formativas respecto de los logros esperados. El presente estudio investiga cómo dialoga la formación de las prácticas finales con el aseguramiento y certificación de los aprendizajes comprometidos en los perfiles de egreso de las carreras de pedagogía. Para lograr este objetivo se utilizó un enfoque de investigación exploratorio-descriptivo y comprensivo, con un diseño de estudio de casos múltiples que profundiza en doce programas de dos universidades de la zona central de Chile. Los resultados reportan: limitada presencia de las actividades prácticas en los currículos de formación docente, que no supera el 10%; rol periférico, ambiguo y sobrecargado de los tutores de práctica final; las reuniones del estudiante en práctica con el tutor abordan mayoritariamente temas idiosincráticos; el acompañamiento que el tutor entrega al estudiante en práctica se traduce en una presencia constante en la escuela.

Background: The burnout syndrome affects more than half of students and professionals involved in healthcare worldwide and is characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and a low perception of self-efficacy. Several studies indicate that when students are burnt-out, clinical work, professionalism and ethical behavior, as well as empathy, are negatively affected, while the risk of academic attrition, depression and suicidal ideation tend to increase. At a national level, recent information shows that one out of every two medical students suffer burnout at the beginning of the clinical cycle, a situation that does not improve after finishing undergraduate medical training. There is no consensus on which are the most appropriate strategies to face the problem of burnout in students and health-care professionals. Some studies indicate that the experience of medical and health educators may be key to the design of effective strategies to address this problem. Aim: To identify the burnout risk and protection factors of students at different medical schools. Material and Methods: In this study -in which 34 expert health educators from eight Chilean medical schools and other health-related schools participated- we used a qualitative methodology based on the appreciative inquiry to explore the key elements associated with the occurrence of burnout, identify protective and risk factors, as well as discuss possible effective interventions to prevent it. Results: There are personal, academic and contextual elements that act as protective or risk factors of burnout. In addition, the educators identified key elements to design organizational and curricular interventions to face the problem of burnout at a local level. Conclusions: Burnout is a serious problem in the formation of health care professionals. Teacher training aimed at promoting student'well-being must include the teaching of communication skills that consider both the generation gap and the profile of the professional medical schools intend to form.

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is an uncommon disease of unknown etiology, and is characterized by the presence of multiple sub-pleural and intra-alveolar microcalcifications. We present the case of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic renal disease, but with no respiratory symptoms.

This article discusses the interactions in the classroom and the use of time of teachers from the second cycle of Basic Education who have participated in the Professional Performance Evaluation System conducted by the Ministry of Education in Chile. The video recordings reveal that the classes are highly structured and a clear pattern of interaction and use of time in class can be observed. The teachers' talking time occupies 51% of the lesson and the content of their discourse is focused on task instructions or procedures and presentation of the subject matter. The students' verbal interventions take very little time and their actions are clearly framed and guided by the teachers.

Este artículo analiza las interacciones en la sala de clases y el uso del tiempo de profesores de segundo ciclo de Enseñanza Básica y que han participado en el Sistema de Evaluación de Desempeño Profesional que ejecuta el Ministerio de Educación de Chile. Se demuestra que las clases son altamente estructuradas y se observa un claro patrón de interacción y uso del tiempo en las clases video grabadas de los profesores considerados. El discurso de los profesores ocupa el 51% del tiempo de la clase y su contenido está centrado en instrucciones o procedimientos de trabajo y exposición de la materia. Las intervenciones verbales de los alumnos ocupan muy poco tiempo y sus acciones responden y están claramente enmarcadas por los profesores.

Given the importance of the Theory of Evolution (TE) as scientific knowledge, the aim of the present study was to characterize the understanding about TE of 248 undergraduate students. Data was collected based on an 18 question instrument (3 demographic, 14 Likert scale and one open-ended), that targeted three main topics: Understanding of Theory and Law (UTL), Understanding of TE (UTE), and Acceptance of TE (ATE). The analysis of data revealed that 74% of the participants accept TE as established scientific knowledge; however, they also had misconceptions about ET and TL. The implications for teaching TE in high school and in the education of science teachers are also discussed in this study.

Dada la importancia que tiene la Teoría de la Evolución (TE) como conocimiento científico, el objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar la compresión sobre la TE de un grupo de 248 estudiantes universitarios. Los datos fueron recolectados en base a un instrumento de 18 preguntas (3 demográficas,14 de escala likert y una abierta), el cual se enfocó en tres tópicos: la comprensión sobre los conceptos de Teoría y Ley (CTL), la comprensión de la TE (CTE) y la aceptación de la TE (ATE). El análisis de los datos reveló que el 74% de los participantes acepta la TE como un conocimiento científico establecido, sin embargo, también presentan errores conceptuales sobre la TE y CTL. Las implicancias de este estudio para la enseñanza de la TE en la educación secundaria y para la formación de profesores de ciencia también son discutidas.

Dada a importância da Teoria da Evolução (TE) enquanto conhecimento científico, objetiva-se caracterizar a compreensao de 248 estudantes de licenciatura sobre a TE. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de um instrumento de 18 perguntas (3 demográficas, 14 de escala de Likert e 1 de resposta aberta), a qual focou três tópicos: Compreensão dos conceitos de Teoria e Lei (CTL), Compreensão da TE (CTE), e Aceitação da TE (ATE). A análise dos dados revelou que 74% dos participantes aceitam a TE como um conhecimento científico estabelecido, mas também apresentam concepções equivocadas sobre a ET e CTL. As implicações do estudo para o ensino da TE na Educação Secundária e na formação de professores de Ciências também são discutidas.

In this work, we report the effect of the direct successive modifications with Glucose oxidase onto boron doped diamond electrode (BDD). The modification due to the enzyme adsorption, on the potentiodynamic response of the electrode, was evaluated using Fe(CN)6(4-/3-) red-ox couple on the electrolyte and the AEp variations were related with the number of modifications. Contact angle measurements and the electrochemical impedance spectra were also used to characterized the modifications and they showed variations in the same way that the potentiodynamic data.

In this article we review the existing background about science teaching in Chile, focusing on three main issues: science teaching practices, the competencies that teachers believe to be the most necessary, and the main educational guidelines that currently exist in training programs that educate teachers of science. Regarding science teaching, there are still problems due to the fact that many science lessons are still taught in the traditional way, where no scientific enquiry skills are developed. As far as the necessary competencies to teach science are referred, a group of practicing teachers claim that the most important aspects are related to the very subject of teaching, including aspects as assessment, planning and the implementation of strategies for science teaching, as well as the promotion of a classroom environment that fosters learning. In terms of science teacher education, most of 35 teacher training programs in Chile are based on two main pillars: the subject or scientific training and the general pedagogical training. Less relevant are other domains such as research, science didactics, science history and philosophy, use of technologies and the practical training. According to the current tendencies in teachers’ education in the world and taking into account the drawbacks and the needs mentioned by practicing teachers, we suggest that new measures should be implemented in order to favor a better training in science teaching, focusing on practical experiences as well as on research experience in science teaching or didactics.

En este artículo revisamos los antecedentes que existen sobre la enseñanza de las ciencias en Chile, enfocándonos principalmente en tres ámbitos: prácticas en la enseñanza de las ciencias, cuáles son las competencias que los profesores declaran son más necesarias y cuáles son las grandes líneas de formación que existen hoy en día en los programas que forman profesores de ciencia. En cuanto a la enseñanza de las ciencias se puede constatar que aún existen problemas en términos de que muchas clases de ciencias son de modo tradicional, donde no se desarrollan habilidades de indagación científica. En cuanto a las competencias necesarias para enseñar ciencias, un grupo de profesores en servicio declaró que los aspectos más importantes se relacionan con la enseñanza misma de la disciplina, incorporando aspectos como la evaluación, la planificación y la implementación de estrategias para la enseñanza de las ciencias, así como la generación de un clima de aula que promueva los aprendizajes. En términos de la formación de profesores de ciencias, en la mayoría de los 35 programas de formación de profesores en Chile, ésta está basada en dos grandes pilares: la formación disciplinar o científica y la formación pedagógica general, teniendo menor importancia otros dominios como: la investigación, la didáctica de las ciencias, la historia y filosofía de las ciencias, el uso de tecnologías y la formación práctica. De acuerdo a las tendencias actuales de formación de profesores en el mundo, y tomando en cuenta las falencias y necesidades que expresan los profesores de ciencia en servicio, nosotros proponemos que se deberían tomar medidas para propiciar una mejor formación en el ámbito de la enseñanza de las ciencias, enfocando tanto las experiencias prácticas, como las instancias de investigación, hacia la enseñanza o didáctica de las ciencias.

Neste artigo, revisamos os registros que existem sobre o ensino da ciência no Chile, concentrando-nos principalmente em três áreas: as práticas de ensino da ciência, quais são as competências que os professores dizem que são mais necessárias e quais são as linhas gerais de formação que existem hoje em programas que formam professores de ciências. No que diz respeito à ciência da educação, podemos ver que ainda existem problemas em termos que muitas aulas de ciências são a maneira tradicional, onde se desenvolvem as habilidades de investigação científica. Quanto às competências necessárias para ensinar ciência, um grupo de professores em serviço, afirmou que os aspectos mais importantes relacionados com o ensino da disciplina em si, incorporando aspectos como avaliação, planejamento e implementação de estratégias para o ensino da ciência, bem como a geração de um ambiente de sala de aula que promove a aprendizagem. Em termos da formação de professores de ciências a maioria dos 35 programas de formação de professores no Chile, se baseia em dois pilares: a formação ou disciplina científica e a formação de professores em geral, tendo menos importancia outros domínios, tais como: pesquisa, ensino de ciências, história e filosofia da ciência, o uso de tecnologias e treinamento prático. De acordo com as tendências atuais na formação de professores em todo o mundo, e tendo em conta as lacunas e as necessidades manifestadas por professores de ciências em serviço, propomos medidas que devem ser tomadas para promover uma melhor formação no domínio da educação da ciência, focalizando tanto na experiência prática, como em instâncias de investigação, na educação ou na didática científica.